Name 3 characteristics of WBC (leukocytes) 1) nucleated polymorphic cells ranging from 4,000 to 11,000 2) able to slip out of capillary blood vessels to areas of body where tehy are needed for an immune response. 3) can locate areas of tissue damage and infection by responding to chemicals relÉ/–ü¼’â@What is it called if you have less than 4,000 WBCs? leukopenia É/–ü¼’â@What is it called if you have more than 11,000 WBC's? Leukocytosis É/–ü¼’â@describe diapedesis and amoeboid motion diapedesis = WBC slip out of capillary blood vessels, amoeboid motion = WBCs move through tissue spaces É/–ü¼’â@The process of WBCs identifiing damage/infection b responding to chemicals realeased by the damaged cell or other leukocytes is called what? positive chemotaxis É/–ü¼’â@What are the 2 groups of leukocytes? granulocytes and agranulocytes É/–ü¼’â@name the different types of granulocytes? neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils É/–ü¼’â@Name the types of Agranulocytes lymphocytes and monocytes É/–ü¼’â@What do neutrophils do? approx what % of these make up the WBC count? phagocytize bacteria 40 - 70% of WBC count É/–ü¼’â@What do eosinophils do and what % of the WBC count are they? kill parasitic worms, destroys antigen - antibody complexes and inactivates inflamatory chemicals 1 to 4 % of WBC count É/–ü¼’â@Basophils do what and what is their %? release histamine and other inflammation mediators, 0 to 1% of WBC count É/–ü¼’â@What do lymphocytes do and what % of the WBC are they? immune response by direct cell attack via antibodies (a chemical) 20 - 40% of WBC count É/–ü¼’â@What do monocytes do and what % are they of the WBC count? phagocytosis/macrophages 4 to 8% of WBC count É/–ü¼’â@ É/–ü¼’â@lymphocytes are subdivided into? b lymphocytes and T lymphocytes É/–ü¼’â@leukopoiesis occurs in _________, it is initiated by _________ (interleukins IL and CSFs colony stimulating factors) red bone marrow, cytokines É/–ü¼’â@hemocytoblasts are transformed into _______ stem cells and ______ stem cells. myeloid stem cell, lymphoid stem cell É/–ü¼’â@if the hemocytoblast transforms into a myeloid stem cell - what are the 2 different pathways it can go? myeloblast - promelocyte - eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil OR monoblast - promonocyte - monocyte É/–ü¼’â@If the Hemocytoblast transforms into a lymphoid stem cell what is the rest of the path? lymphoblast - prolymphoblast - lymphocytes É/–ü¼’â@What are the 2 lymphocyte disorders? leukemias & mononucleosis É/–ü¼’â@What is mononucleosis caused by and what does it do? caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (causes decreased prod of WBC), causes excessive production of atypical agranulocytes É/–ü¼’â@What are 2 abnormal cell types of leukemia? myelocytic and lymphocytic (named according to abnormal cell type É/–ü¼’â@leukemia is classified as either _________ or _______ acute (progress quickly) or chronic (progress slowly) É/–ü¼’â@acute leukemia is derived from what type of stem cell? blasts É/–ü¼’â@chronic leukemia is derived from what type stem cell? cytes É/–ü¼’â@Platelets are aka as? thrombocytes É/–ü¼’â@What regulated the production of thrombocytes? thrombopoietin É/–ü¼’â@platelets product proteins ______ which aid in the ______ factor. fibrin which aid in the clotting factor É/–ü¼’â@Name 3 characteristics of platelets 1) divide internally - creating more nucleus + cells get bigger then rupture 2) they are cytoplasmic fragments 3) 250,000 to 400,000 É/–ü¼’â@ A hemocytoblast is converted into a __________ which undergoes repeated mitosis - but it never ruptures (cytokinesis never occurs) forming a ________ _______ and a __-- ______ mass. megakaryoblast, forming a multilobed nucleus and a large cytoplasmic mass É/–ü¼’â@The megakaryoblast differentiates into a _________ that invaginates its cell membrane to compartmentalize the cytoplasm. megakaryocyte É/–ü¼’â@Once the compartmentalization is complete, the megakaryocyte _____________. ruptures into fragments (thrombocytes) É/–ü¼’â@what is hemostasis? rapid and localized stoppage of blood flow É/–ü¼’â@What are the 3 phases of hemostasis? 1) vascular spasms 2) platelet plug formation 3) clotting (coagulation) É/–ü¼’â@What is a vascular spasm? immediate response to blood vessel injury is vasoconstriction (decrease the lumen to slow blood flow) É/–ü¼’â@Describe platelet plug formation endothelium lining blood vessels rupture and underlying collagen fibers are exposed - platelets change shape, forming sticky spiky processes that adhere to expose areas -once attached thromboxane A-2 is generated from lipids -causes degranulation. platÉ/–ü¼’â@What does ADP and serotonin do in the platelet plug formation? ADP = attracts more platelets to the area Serotonin = increases vascular spasms (to decrease bllod flow) É/–ü¼’â@What does Thromboxane A-2 do and when is it used? causes degranulation so the platelet granules breakdown and release ADP + Serotonin - it occurs in the platelet plug formation É/–ü¼’â@during the clotting formation fibrinogen is converted into ______ fibrin É/–ü¼’â@What does prothrombin activator do and where does it occur? prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin (in the presence of calcium) É/–ü¼’â@Name the 3 steps in vessel repair 1) platelets contain contractile proteins (actin + myosin) and contract 2) platelet derived growth factor (pdgf) stimulates smooth muscle and fibroblasts to divide and rebuild the vessel walls 3) when vessels are repaired fibrinolysis removes clots É/–ü¼’â@prostacyclin does what and is categorized as a what? opposes thromboxane 2, a clot regulator É/–ü¼’â@heparin and coumadin are what? anticoagulents É/–ü¼’â@ É/–ü¼’â@